Lesson 9.2: Argumentative and Discursive Essay Writing

Introduction

Welcome to Lesson 9.2, students! In this lesson, we will explore two essential types of academic essays: the argumentative essay and the discursive essay. Understanding how to construct these essays will help you express your thoughts and analyses effectively when you enter university.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

• Define the structure and purpose of both argumentative and discursive essays.
• Clearly state, support, and defend a position in your writing.
• Weigh competing views before reaching a conclusion.
• Use premises, evidence, and warrants to support your arguments.
• Integrate counter-arguments and rebuttals smoothly into your essays.
• Draw conclusions proportionate to the evidence you've presented.

What is an Argumentative Essay?

An argumentative essay is designed to convince the reader of your stance on a particular issue. You start by stating your position, continue by supporting it with evidence, and then defend it against counter-arguments.

Structure of an Argumentative Essay

An argumentative essay typically follows this structure:

1. Introduction:

• Present your thesis statement, which is your main argument.
• Hook your reader with an interesting fact, quote, or question.

1. Body Paragraphs:

• Each paragraph should focus on one piece of evidence supporting your thesis.
• Use premises and warrants to connect your evidence to your argument.

1. Counter-arguments:

• Briefly state opposing viewpoints.
• Provide rebuttals to strengthen your argument.

1. Conclusion:

• Summarize your findings and restate your thesis in light of the evidence provided.

Example of an Argumentative Essay

Let’s say you are writing an essay about whether schools should have uniform policies. Your thesis might state:

"Schools should implement uniform policies to promote equality among students."

You would then support your position with evidence such as:

• Premise: Research shows that uniforms reduce socio-economic barriers.
• Warrant: If all students wear the same attire, there is less likelihood of peer pressure based on clothing choices.

What is a Discursive Essay?

In contrast to an argumentative essay, a discursive essay presents a balanced exploration of a topic. Here, you weigh competing views before concluding. This essay allows for a broader discussion of an issue without necessarily advocating for one side.

Structure of a Discursive Essay

A discursive essay generally follows this structure:

1. Introduction:

• Introduce the topic and outline its significance.
• Present the different views surrounding the topic.

1. Body Paragraphs:

• Discuss each viewpoint.
• Use evidence from credible sources to support claims.

1. Counter-arguments:

• Acknowledge and discuss opposing views.
• Assess their strengths and weaknesses in relation to your discussion.

1. Conclusion:

• Sum up the different perspectives you've discussed.
• Offer your conclusion based on the evidence presented.

Example of a Discursive Essay

For example, if you were writing about the benefits and drawbacks of social media, your introduction might state:

"Social media has transformed the way we communicate, but it poses both significant benefits and challenges to society."

You would then explore various viewpoints:

• Some argue that social media enhances communication:
• Premise: It connects people globally.
• Warrant: This connectivity can lead to shared ideas and innovation.
• Others claim that social media leads to isolation:
• Premise: Increased virtual interactions can reduce face-to-face connections.
• Warrant: This may lead to loneliness and mental health issues.

Integrating Counter-arguments and Rebuttals

Both types of essays benefit from addressing counter-arguments. By acknowledging the opposing viewpoint:

• You demonstrate critical thinking.
• You show respect for differing opinions, which enhances the credibility of your argument.

For example, in an argumentative essay, if you state a position, follow up with:

"Some may argue that school uniforms suppress individual expression. However, the benefits of equality and reduced bullying outweigh these concerns."

Conclusion

In summary, knowing how to write argumentative and discursive essays is essential for your academic success. An argumentative essay pushes for your viewpoint, while a discursive essay explores various perspectives. The ability to use premises, support claims with evidence, and critically engage with counter-arguments will serve you well in university and beyond.

Study Notes

• Argumentative Essay: Present a clear position with supporting evidence.
• Discursive Essay: Explore various viewpoints before concluding.
• Incorporate premises (reasons), evidence (data), and warrants (linking arguments) in your writing.
• Address and counter opposing viewpoints to strengthen your essay.
• Conclude based on the weight of evidence presented in your essay.