Lesson 1.2: Previewing and Predicting

Introduction

In the world of academia, reading is often the primary means through which students acquire knowledge. However, the volume of reading at university can be overwhelming compared to high school. This lesson focuses on developing efficient reading strategies, specifically previewing and predicting, which are essential for managing lengthy texts and heavy reading lists. By the end of this lesson, students will be able to effectively survey texts, form pre-reading questions, predict content, and activate background knowledge before diving into the material.

Learning Objectives

• Surveying a text before reading: title, abstract, headings, first and last paragraphs.
• Forming pre-reading questions to enhance active reading.
• Predicting content and structure from titles, sub-headings, and visuals.
• Using an abstract or introduction to determine whether a text is worth reading in full.
• Activating background knowledge before reading.

Understanding Previewing

Previewing is the process of looking over a text before reading it in detail. This helps readers prepare for the content, structure, and overall message. It is a crucial first step in efficient academic reading. The previewing process includes examining the title, abstract, headings, and the first and last paragraphs.

Components of Previewing

1. Title: The title offers insight into the main topic or argument of the text. It often hints at the focus or perspective the author has chosen.

1. Abstract: The abstract is a brief summary of the text, typically found at the beginning of articles and papers. It answers the question: What is this text about? By reading the abstract, you can quickly assess whether a text is relevant to your research or interests.

1. Headings: Headings break the text into sections and provide a roadmap to the content. They indicate major points and help in organizing thoughts. Analyzing the headings allows readers to gain an understanding of the structure of the text.

1. First and Last Paragraphs: The opening paragraph often presents the thesis or the main argument, while the concluding paragraph summarizes key points or findings. These paragraphs are crucial for grasping the essence of the text.

Example of Previewing

Text Title: "The Impact of Climate Change on Marine Biodiversity"

Abstract: This paper discusses how climate change is affecting marine species and ecosystems, focusing on changing temperatures, ocean acidification, and their implications for biodiversity.

Headings:

• Introduction
• Effects of Temperature Changes
• Ocean Acidification
• Consequences for Marine Life
• Conclusion

First Paragraph: The introduction outlines the scope of the paper and emphasizes the critical importance of understanding climate change's impact on oceans.

Last Paragraph: The conclusion highlights the urgent need for conservation efforts to protect marine biodiversity.

Key Takeaway from Previewing

Previewing helps students rapidly assess the relevance and applicability of the text before investing the time to read it completely. It encourages active engagement from the start and sets a foundation for better understanding.

Forming Pre-Reading Questions

One of the most effective ways to read actively is to formulate questions before starting the more detailed reading process. Pre-reading questions stimulate curiosity and guide the focus of your reading.

Crafting Questions

Consider the following techniques for forming pre-reading questions:

1. Based on the Title: What do I expect to learn from a text with this title?
2. Using Headings: What insights can I anticipate from each section based on the headings?
3. Identifying the Purpose: What is the author’s goal in writing this text?
4. Anticipating Arguments: What arguments or perspectives might the author present?

Example of Pre-Reading Questions

Using the previous example:

• What specific impacts of climate change on marine life will the author address?
• How might temperature changes affect different species?
• What solutions or recommendations for conservation will the paper suggest?

Benefits of Pre-Reading Questions

Forming pre-reading questions enables students to identify key ideas to focus on while reading, leading to a more structured understanding of the text. This technique also increases retention and comprehension.

Predicting Content and Structure

Prediction is an extension of previewing and involves using information from the text features to anticipate the content and organization of the text. When readers predict what they will learn, they are more likely to remain engaged and understand the material better.

How to Predict

1. From Titles: What is the primary topic?
2. From Headings: How will the author develop the topic?
3. From Visuals: What information do graphs, charts, or images convey?

Example of Making Predictions

Going back to "The Impact of Climate Change on Marine Biodiversity":

• From the Title: The paper will likely discuss adverse effects on different marine species.
• From the Headings: We can expect detailed explanations of temperature changes and their effects followed by ocean acidification.
• From Visuals: If graphs or charts are included, they might show statistical trends in species populations over time.

Using the Abstract to Gauge Readability

Before deciding to read a text in full, students should evaluate the abstract or introduction. This section provides concise information about the text's purpose, methodology, and conclusions.

Evaluating Relevancy and Depth

1. Does the abstract address a topic of interest?
2. What key findings does it highlight?
3. Is the methodology presented align with my academic needs?

Example of Abstract Evaluation

An abstract that states that it provides "a systematic review of the effects of climate change on coastal ecosystems" suggests that it may present a solid research base worth reading in detail, especially if students is interested in environmental science.

Activating Background Knowledge

Before reading a text, it is crucial to tap into existing knowledge on the subject. Activating background knowledge can enhance comprehension and facilitate connections between new information and prior understanding.

Techniques for Activation

• Brainstorming: Jot down anything students already knows about the topic.
• Review Related Texts: Reflect on previously read materials relevant to the present reading.
• Discuss with Peers: Engaging in conversations can trigger memories and insights connected to the subject matter.

Example of Activating Knowledge

If students is about to read a text on climate change, they might list:

• Previous lessons on ecosystems in biology class.
• A recent documentary on rising sea levels.
• A conversation with a friend about conservation efforts.

Conclusion

Previewing and predicting are invaluable strategies to improve academic reading efficiency. By surveying the text beforehand, forming pre-reading questions, predicting content, evaluating abstracts, and activating background knowledge, students prepares themselves for a more effective and engaging reading experience. These techniques allow students to manage extensive reading lists while ensuring they grasp critical concepts without the need to read every word meticulously.

Study Notes

• Previewing includes examining the title, abstract, headings, first and last paragraphs.
• Formulating pre-reading questions helps guide attention and understanding.
• Content and structure can be predicted from titles, headings, and visuals.
• Abstracts help determine the relevance and depth of a text.
• Activating background knowledge enhances comprehension and connection with new material.